6.18雅思考试阅读回顾预测

6月18日雅思考试阅读回顾

P1 企业社会责任和“市场”新概念

P2 对黑猩猩的研究

P3 外貌与性格

朗阁名师管延圻点评

1. 本次考试难度中等。

2. 整体分析： 涉及商业类、生物类、心理类。

3. 主流题型：判断依旧大量出现；选择题（包括单选、多选）出现较多；配对、简答题也有考查。

4.P1 单选*4 + 多选*9

文章大意：通过Ben & Jerry’s以及The Body Shop两家公司的例子论证了企业的社会责任，提出了新的“市场”概念。

5.P2 简答*4 + 判断*5 + 配对*5

参考原文

The Culture of Chimpanzee

A

The similarities between chimpanzees and humans have been studied for years, but in the past decade researchers have determined that these resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought. For instance, the nut cracking observed in the Tai Forest is far from a simple chimpanzee behavior; rather it is a singular adaptation found only in that particular part of Africa and a trait that biologists consider to be an expression of chimpanzee culture. Scientists frequently use the term “culture” to describe elementary animal behaviors such as the regional dialects of different populations of songbirds-but as it turns out, the rich and varied cultural traditions found among chimpanzees aremsecond in complexity only to human traditions.

B

During the past two years, an unprecedented scientific collaboration, involving every major research group studying chimpanzees, has documented a multitude of distinct cultural patterns extending across Africa, in actions ranging from the animals’ use of tools to their forms of communication and social customs. This emerging picture of chimpanzees not only affects how we think of these amazing creatures but also alters human beings’ conception of our own uniqueness and hints at ancient foundations for extraordinary capacity for culture.

C

Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes have coexisted for hundreds of millennia and share more than 98 percent of their genetic material, yet only 40 years ago we still knew next to nothing about chimpanzee behavior in the wild. That began to change in the 1960s, when Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University in Japan and Tane Goodall began their studies of wild chimpanzees at two field sites in Tanzania. (Goodall’s research station at Gombe - the first of its kindis more famous. but Nishida’s site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee research site in the world.)

D

In these initial studies, as the chimpanzees became accustomed to close

observation, the remarkable discoveries began. Researchers witnessed a

range of unexpected behaviors, including fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat eating, food sharing and lethal fights between members of neighboring communities. In the years that followed, other primatologists set up camp elsewhere, and, despite all the financial, political and logistical problems that can beset African fieldwork, several of these out- posts became truly long-term projects. As a result, we live in an unprecedented time, when an intimate and comprehensive scientific record of chimpanzees’ lives at last exists not just for one but for several communities spread across Africa.

E

As early as 1973, Goodall recorded 13 forms of tool use as well as eight

social activities that appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and chimpanzee populations elsewhere. She ventured that some variations had what she termed a cultural origin. But what exactly did Goodall mean by “culture”? According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, culture is defined as “the customs and achievements of a particular time or people.” The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. Animals do not have myths and legends, of course. But they do have the capacity to pass on behavioral traits from generation to generation, not through their genes but by learning. For biologists, this is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait: it must be something that can be learned by observing the established skills of others and thus passed on to future generations.

F

What of the implications for chimpanzees themselves? We must highlight the tragic loss of chimpanzees, whose populations are being decimated just when we are at last coming to appreciate these astonishing animals more completely. Populations have plummeted in the past century and continue to fall as a result of illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the bushmeat trade. The latter is particularly alarming: logging has driven roadways into the forests that are now used to ship wild animal meat, including chimpanzee meat, to consumers as far afield as Europe. Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves but also a host of fascinatingly different ape cultures.

G

Perhaps the cultural richness of the ape may yet help in its salvation, however. Some conservation efforts have already altered the attitudes of some local people. A few organizations have begun to show videotapes illustrating the cognitive prowess of chimpanzees. One Zairian viewer was heard to exclaim, “Ah, this ape is so like me, I can no longer eat him.”

H

How an international team of chimpanzee experts conducted the most

comprehensive survey of the animals ever attempted. Scientists have been investigating chimpanzee culture for several decades, but too often their studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published accounts of the behaviors recorded at each research site. But this approach probably overlooks a good deal of cultural variation for three reasons.

I

First, scientists typically don’t publish an extensive list of all the activities

they don’t see at a particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need to know-which behaviors were and were not observed at each site. Second, many reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without saying how common they are; without this information, we can’t determine whether a particular action was a once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be considered part of the animals’ culture. Finally, researchers’ descriptions of potentially significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient details, making it difficult for scientists to work at

other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities.

J

To remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We asked field researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they suspected were local traditions. With this information in hand, we pulled together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural behaviors.

K

Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In consultation with their colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community studied. The key categories were customary behavior (occurs in most or all of the able-bodied members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males), habitual (less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), present (seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and unknown.

L

The extensive survey turned up no fewer than 39 chimpanzee patterns of behavior that should be labeled as cultural variations, including numerous forms of tool use, grooming techniques and courtship gambits, several of which are illustrated throughout this article. This cultural richness is far in excess of anything known for any other species of animal. Today’s lesson includes a demonstration of how to crack open a coula nut. A mother chimpanzee in the Tai Forest of Ivory Coast uses a stone hammer to cleave a nut while a youngster watches. Not all chimpanzees in this area have developed this behavior. On the eastern bank of the Sassandra-N’Zo River, chimpanzees do not crack nuts even though members of the same species on the other side of the river, just a few miles away, do. 

6. P3  判断*4 + 单选*5 + 多选*4

文章大意：研究了人的外貌与性格之间的联系

考试预测

1. 判断和填空的练习和错题分析很有必要。人物观点配对的解题方法需要熟练掌握。段落细节配对是预警大题型。

预警小题型：多选。

Heading在6月份尚未出现，考生需要适当准备。

2. 下场考试的话题可能有关生命科学类、农业类。

3. 重点浏览12年和13年机经。