南京朗阁9月16日雅思考试阅读回顾

　　南京朗阁9月16日雅思考试阅读回顾

　　P1 仿生机器人 Man or Machine

　　P2 伦敦大雾

　　P3 奥斯汀言语行为理论 Speech act and philosophy

　　南京朗阁名师邬倩芸点评

　　1. 本次考试难度中等。

　　2. 整体分析：涉及科技类(P1)，环境类(P2)与语言学类(P3)

　　3. 主要题型：延续近几年考试的题型搭配模式，主流题型依然为：填空题(11题)、判断题(9题)与配对题(14题)，辅以单选题(第三篇6题)。本次考试中第一篇为旧文，原文可见于九分达人2(上周的龙涎香也在这本上…)。

　　4. P1仿生机器人 Man or Machine

　　配对6 + 填空7

　　参考原文：

　　Man or Machine

　　A During July 2003, the Museum of Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts exhibited what Honda calls ‘the world's most advanced humanoid robot', AS1MO (the Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility). Honda's brainchild is on tour in North America and delighting audiences wherever it goes. After 17 years in the making, ASIMO stands at four feet tall, weighs around 115 pounds and looks like a child in an astronaut's suit. Though it is difficult to see ASIMO's face at a distance, on closer inspection it has a smile and two large eyes' that conceal cameras. The robot cannot work autonomously - its actions are ‘remote controlled' by scientists through the computer in its backpack. Yet watching ASMIO perform at a show in Massachusetts it seemed uncannily human. The audience cheered as ASIMO walked forwards and backwards, side to side and up and downstairs. After the show, a number of people told me that they would like robots to play more of a role in daily life - one even said that the robot would be like ‘another person'.

　　B While the Japanese have made huge strides in solving some of the engineering problems of human kinetics (n.动力学) and bipedal (adj. 两足动物的)movements, for the past 10 years scientists at MIT's former Artificial Intelligence (Al) lab (recently renamed the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, CSAIL) have been making robots that can behave like humans and interact with humans. One of MITs robots, Kismet, is an anthropomorphic (adj.拟人的) head and has two eyes (complete with eyelids), ears, a mouth, and eyebrows. It has several facial expressions, including happy, sad, frightened and disgusted. Human interlocutors are able to read some of the robot's facial expressions, and often change their behavior towards the machine as a result - for example, playing with it when it appears ‘sad’. Kismet is now in MIT’s museum, but the ideas developed here continue to be explored in new robots.

　　C Cog (short for Cognition) is another pioneering project from MIT’s former AI lab. Cog has a head, eyes, two arms, hands and a torso (n.躯干) - and its proportions were originally measured from the body of a researcher in the lab. The work on Cog has been used to test theories of embodiment and developmental robotics, particularly getting a robot to develop intelligence by responding to its environment via sensors, and to learn through these types of interactions.

　　D MIT is getting furthest down the road to creating human-like and interactive robots. Some scientists argue that ASIMO is a great engineering feat but not an intelligent machine - because it is unable to interact autonomously with unpredictability in its environment in meaningful ways, and learn from experience. Robots like Cog and Kismet and new robots at MIT’s CSAIL and media lab, however, are beginning to do this.

　　E These are exciting developments. Creating a machine that can walk, make gestures and learn from its environment is an amazing achievement. And watch this space: these achievements are likely rapidly to be improved upon. Humanoid robots could have a plethora of uses in society, helping to free people from everyday tasks. In japan, for example, there is an aim to create robots that can do the tasks similar to an average human, and also act in more sophisticated situations as firefighters, astronauts or medical assistants to the elderly in the workplace and in homes – partly in order to counterbalance the effects of an ageing population.

　　F Such robots say much about the way in which we view humanity, and they bring out the best and worst of us. On one hand, these developments express human creativity - our ability to invent, experiment, and to extend our control over the world. On the other hand, the aim to create a robot like a human being is spurred on by dehumanized ideas - by the sense that human companionship can be substituted by machines; that humans lose their humanity when they interact with technology; or that we are little more than surface and ritual behaviors, that can be simulated with metal and electrical circuits.

　　5. P2伦敦大雾

　　配对5 + 填空4 + 判断4

　　文章大意： 文章最先描述了1991年伦敦大雾的情况，然后Anderson做了一个报告并且使政府意识到大气问题确实很严重。之后讲述了大气问题对于人们呼吸道和心脏疾病的影响，不过也有研究者认为无法证明空气问题导致死亡率上升。虽然有些关于微粒和一氧化氮对于当时死亡的影响的报告，但属于个案，没办法量化。最后还有研究者认为如果雾霾天继续的话，1991年的事故还会重现。

　　6. P3 奥斯汀言语行为理论 Speech act and philosophy

　　单选6 + 配对3 + 判断5

　　文章大意： 语言学家Austin对于句子语义的一些理论。

　　第一段介绍了传统语法把句子分成了陈述句、祈使句和疑问句等等，不同的句子结构有不同的作用。

　　第二段讨论interrogative(疑问句)的结构，认为很多哲学家更关注句子本身内容的对与错，而没有关注其背后的哲学问题。

　　第三四段开始讨论句子语义的两种类别：一种是假设，一种是肯定。用了是否参加某个活动为例，如果有人在回答中用了promise一词，有可能只是为了表现出自己的态度，但是到底来不来完全是另外一回事。文中还提到了电影、足球等例子。

　　南京朗阁名师邬倩芸考试预测

　　1. 本场考试依然延续近两年考试的基本趋势，三大主流题型(填空、判断、配对)为主。追求高分的学生尤其需要加强难题配对题的训练，例如今天这场在第一篇就出现了段落信息配对，要保证正确率和做题速度。刷完并精读完剑桥系列后还可以多阅读一些机经文章，多做限时训练，确保考试时能够游刃有余。下次考试可能会出现单选题和Heading题。

　　2. 下场考试的话题可能有关历史文化类、科技类、社会科学类。

　　3. 重点浏览15-16年机经。

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